Which civilization is known for an advanced civic system and extensive trade networks, but whose political leadership is not well understood?

• A. Sumerians
• B. Ancient Egypt
• C. Indus Valley Civilization
• D. Greek Empire

Answer: (C)

This question tests recognizing a civilization known for impressive urban organization and far-reaching trade, while its political leadership remains elusive due to undeciphered writing. The Indus Valley Civilization built well-planned cities with grid layouts, sophisticated drainage, standardized goods, and evidence of extensive long-distance trade. Yet we can’t read their script or find clear inscriptions that reveal who governed or how power was structured, so the exact political leadership isn’t well understood. By contrast, other civilizations in the options have clearer indications of leadership through inscriptions and monuments that reveal rulers and governing systems.